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Laser displacement sensor — triangulation and the moving spot

レーザ変位センサ — 三角測量と動く光点

This sensor measures distance, not force. "Displacement" here means distance or position. A laser sends a thin beam to the object. The object scatters the light back. A lens collects part of that light and focuses it to a small spot on a CMOS line sensor — a row of tiny light detectors (a CCD works the same way). The key idea is triangulation: finding distance from the shape of a triangle. The laser, the object, and the lens form that triangle. When the object is near, the reflected light returns at a steep angle and lands at one position on the CMOS. When the object is far, the angle is shallow and the light lands at a different position. So the sensor reads where the spot lands, and from that position it computes the distance. Drag the object, move the slider, or press play, and watch the reflected ray pivot and the spot slide along the CMOS.
このセンサは力ではなく距離を測ります。「変位(displacement)」とはここでは距離や位置のことです。 レーザが細い光を対象物に当て、対象物が光を散乱して返します。レンズがその一部を集めて、 CMOSラインセンサ(微小な光検出器を一列に並べたもの。CCDでも原理は同じ)の上に小さな光点として結びます。 重要な考え方が三角測量(triangulation)です。三角形の形から距離を求めます。レーザ・対象物・レンズがその三角形をつくります。 対象物が近いと、反射光は急な角度で戻り、CMOS上のある位置に当たります。対象物が遠いと、角度は浅くなり、 別の位置に当たります。センサは光点が当たる位置を読み、そこから距離を計算します。 対象物をドラッグするか、スライダを動かすか、再生を押して、反射光が向きを変え、光点がCMOS上を移動するようすを観察してください。

Sensor head センサヘッド LASER Laser diode / レーザ baseline 基線長 B Lens / レンズ CMOS line sensor / ラインセンサ object / 対象物
Fig. 1 — Triangulation path / 三角測量の光路 Drag the object to move it / 対象物をドラッグ

Controls / 操作

160 mm
near / 近いfar / 遠い

Readouts / 表示値

Object distance 対象物までの距離 160 mm
Return angle θ 反射光の戻り角
Spot on CMOS CMOS上の光点位置
Recovered distance 位置から逆算した距離
Range zone レンジ位置 Mid
Laser beam (outgoing) / レーザ光(出射)
Reflected chief ray → CMOS / 反射光(主光線)→ CMOS
Laser spot on the object / 対象物上の光点
Hit point on the CMOS / CMOS上のヒット点

What the CMOS sees — the spot slides along the pixels / CMOSが見る像 — 光点が画素上を動く

Far / Near /
Fig. 2 — CMOS pixel row / CMOS画素列 peak → pixel —

The CMOS is a row of pixels. The focused spot lights up a few of them, making a bright peak. The sensor finds the centre of that peak — often to better than one pixel — and converts the pixel number into a distance.

Look at the distance marks under the pixels. Equal steps in distance are not equally spaced. When the object is near, the spot moves a large amount for a small change in distance, so the marks are spread out. When the object is far, the spot barely moves, so the marks crowd together.

This is why a triangulation sensor gives its highest accuracy at close range, and loses resolution as the object moves away.

Triangulation / 三角測量

Three points make a triangle: the laser, the spot on the object, and the lens. The laser-to-lens distance — the baseline — is fixed and known. The laser direction is fixed too. So the only thing that changes with distance is the angle at the lens.

Measure that angle, and the triangle is fully known. From the triangle you get the distance.

Position encodes distance / 位置が距離を表す

The lens turns the return angle into a position on the CMOS. A steep angle (near object) and a shallow angle (far object) focus to different pixels.

near → steep angle → spot low on CMOS
far  → shallow angle → spot high on CMOS
spot position  ∝  1 / distance

Strengths and limits / 長所と短所

This CCD/CMOS type is very accurate, and it measures without touching the object. It is widely used to inspect parts in factories and to sense obstacles in robots.

The limits: it needs a baseline, so the head cannot be tiny. The lens must see the spot, so a step or a wall can block the view (occlusion). Shiny or clear surfaces are hard. The next type, Time-of-Flight, avoids the baseline but, at present, is less accurate.